Motoo ITO.

As an examination of the effects of shape and spatial orientation of the figure on transient pattern-onset visual evoked potentials (VEPs)，two outlined geometric figures of equal length were preliminarily presented in the lower or upper visual field (the LVF or the UVF).They were a diamond and an oval and arranged to be vertical or horizontal in each visual field. Transient VEPs were recorded referentially from inion， 5，10 and 15 cm above it (I,I5，I10 and I15)for 8 participants. The grand average of subtracted waves were obtained between the figure and blank (control) conditions. Earlier negative (N1)(averaged peak latency: 134 ms)and later positive (P2)(232 ms) waves were recorded in the LVF. ln the UVF， earlier positive (P)(128 ms) waves were obtained，but later negative was not found. Two-way ANOVAs (2 forms x 2 orientations) were conducted for the amplitude values with Location l5. Main results were as foHows: In the Nl the diamond was signifi-cantly larger than the ova1，the vertical being bigger than the horizonta1. The vertical evoked　significantly greater responses than the horizontal in the P, while the diamond did signincantly larger responses than the oval in the P2.The rates of contribution of shape and orientation were about 53％ and 47％ in the N1. 1t is concluded that shape and spatial orientation of the figure are influential each other，so it is difficult to attri-bute it to only one factor.

Hiroshi TATSUMI, Masahiko YAMAMOTO.

Aim
This study was performed to clarify care burden and its relevant factors in families with chronic aphasic patients.

Methods
Subjects were 25 chronic aphasic patients at home who were treated as out patients of the general hospita1, and 25 families of those. The patients were evaluated with the Standard Language Test of Aphasia (SLTA), Communication Abilities in Daily Living scale (CADL), Raven's Coroured progressive matrices (RCPM), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 (SAQOL-39), and Functional Independence Measure (FIM), The families answered to Zarit Caregiver Burden lnterview (J-ZBI), SF-36, CES-D for family, and Neuropsychiatric lnventory-brief questionnaire (NPI-Q), We classified the subjects of the familes into 2 of a high burden group (21 or more points)and a low burden group (20 or less points)based on the total score of J-ZBI,and assess the signficant difference of those evaluation scores between the 2 groups. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis is applied to examine the prediction factors of the care burden.

Results
A primary focus region for aphasia, FIM, CADL, CES-D for family,the psycho-social score of the objective SAQOL-39, and NPI-Q showed the significant difference between the high burden and the low burden groups. A general care burden was correlated with each of FIM, CADL, the family's educational age，SF-36,CES-D for family, and NPI-Q, The result of multiple linear regression analysis verined FIM and CES-D for family as prediction factors of the care burden. 0n the other hand,the care burden was not related to the severity of aphasia and intelligence of the patients.

Conclusion
The care burden in families with chronic aphasic patients was strongly influenced by the ADL of their patients and depressive state of the families. ln order to reduce care burden in families, improvement in the Patient's ADL capability and family's psychologic supports are required.

Keiko OHSUKA, Naohito CHINO.

objective
This study was performed to analyze the influence of multiple lifestyle and en-vironmental factors on the incidence of dental caries in infants.

Subjects and methods
Subjects were 232 infants born between the fiscal years of 1997 and 2001 who，at the ages of 1.6 and 3 years, participated in health checkups in “N" town. Dental checkup-related data were extracted from 103 items that composed the health-control documentation of mother and child， and information concerning lifestyle， 1iving environ-ment， number of fluoride applications， et cetera was obtained from questionnaires filled out by mothers. Collected data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis and other statistical procedures.

Results
Logistic regression analysis in which the presence/absence of caries at the age of 3 years was set as the response variable and supposed determinant factors present at the age of 1.6 years (11 items)were set as explanatory variables revealed the following: 1) compared with infants who lived in the rural area of “N" town，the odds of the pres-ence of caries in 3-year old infants who lived in the urban area were approximately 30％ (95％CI 0.144-0.648); 2)the odds of the presence of caries in infants who dozed off while drinking milk or during breast-feeding were nearly 4 times (95％CI 1.564－9.979) higher than the odds for infants who did not have this custom; 3)the odds when the daytime caring person was the mother or the nursery school staff were less than 30％ (95％CI 0.098 - 0.689) of those when the daytime caring person was a grandmother; 4) the odds for infants who used to eat no more than 1 or 2 snacks during the day were approximately 40％ (95％CI 0.171-0.910) of the odds for infants who used to have 3 or more snacks per day. In addition, analysis of the correlations between lifestyle and environmental candidate determinant factors present at the age of 1.6 years found＜1％ levels of statistical significance for “use of milk bottle" vs. "dozing off while drinking milk or during breasfeeding" and “living with grandparents" vs. “daytime caring person", and く5％ levels of statistical significance for “defined snack-eating time" vs. "snack-eating frequency", “residence area" vs. “use of milk bottle", “use of milk bottle" vs "defined snack-eating time", "dozing off while drinking milk or during breast-feeding" vs. "defined snack-eating time", and “use of milk bottle" vs. average volume of milk intake per day". Furthermore，among the 78 infants diagnosed with caries，84.6％ had plural carious teeth and the proportion of infants with plural carious teeth was high for those who had unsuitable habits.

Discussion
Results of this study indicate that lifestyle and environmental factors complexly interact to affect the occurrence of dental caries in infants.

Conclusion
We assume that,taking unsuitable habits and their interconnection into consideration, improvement of lifestyle and living environment is the most important issue to consider when implementing actions to prevent dental caries.

Rie KATO，Seiya TANAKA, Miru TAKAMI， Hiromi SUGIYAMA, Yoko KITAMURA， Katsuhiro MINAMI，
Hiroo FURUKAWA, Hiroshi TATSUMI， Masahiko YAMAMOTO.

Speechsound disorders are classmed mainly into four categories: articulation disorders with organic diseases and neurological diseases, functional articulation disorders, and apraxia of speech (AOS).Cleft lip and palate(CLP)is one of the maJor causes of articulation disorders in children among congenital anomaly of organic diseases.A child patient with clen lip and palate was subJected to the study of acoustic analysis. Acoustic analysis was performed on the Process of articulation therapy using the speech analysis program (Multi-Speech, Model 3700, KayPENTAX).His profile was expressed as not only the assessments of articulation and phonological aspects, 1 anguage, and resonance, but also the history of surgical approach. We compared the data of acoustic analysis with auditory perceptual impressiononchronological process of aTticulation therapy･
Sound spectrogram shows the n･icative changes of stop sounds and the formant fiequency displacement of vowels.lt is thought that these nndings result from unacquisition of precise articulation skills fornlanner and place of articulation and velopharyngeal inadequacy. As to acoustic Perceptual imPression, omission, acoustic insumciency and weak production of consonants， and nasalization of vowels were observed. The overa11nndings of acoustic analysis agreed with the perceptual impression， but these were not necessarily consistent with perception. His articulation was gradually acquired according to the developmental milestones of the phonemes with articulation theraPy. Although it seems that almost normal articulation was established from perceptual impression, the acoustic data clearly revealed the incomplete burst of consonants and the presence ofvelopharyngeal inadequacy･
Taken together, these findings suggest acousticanalysis is useful to monitor the effect of articulation therapy on articulation skills and veloPharygeal closure. Moreover,a radical operation for cleft Palate is needed to the further articulation development in addition to the habilitative treatment of articulation.

Naohito Chino, Shingo Saburi.

ASYMMAXSCAL is revisited first, which is a maximum likelihood asymmetric multidimensional atiscaling method recently proposed by Saburi and Chino (2008). It is proven that the likelihood ratio test statistic on the quasi-symmetry hypothesis proposed by Caussinus (1965) and that of a marginal homogeneity hypothesis suggested by Andersen (1980) are mutually independent statistically. A possible applicon of this theorem is indicated to asymmetric relational data in the context of asymmetric multidimensional scaling.

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However, these two statistics are not statistically independent at least exactly, because GMH is not the function of the complete sufficient statistics, fi? , f?j and fij +fji.

Shingo SABURI, Naohito CHINO.

This study shows an application of maximum likelihood asymmetric multidimensional scaling for paired comparison data. This method enables us to compare various candidate models by AIC, and to test several symmetry hypotheses. It was applied to the friendship data among China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the U.S.A., which was collected by an expanded complete method of triads. As a result, some symmetry hypotheses were not rejected and others were largely tended to be rejected. According to AIC, three-dimensiona1 Euclidean distance model was the most optimal model, but three-dimensiona1 0kada and Imaizumi (1987)'s model showed almost the same AIC value. These results were compared with those of the preceding study dealing with the similar relationship.