Ryoji SAKAI.

"Bullying" is a phenonmenon that has been seen for a long time in any society and by any generation, but the suicide of elementary and Junior high school students who were worried about bullying happened successively in 2006 and bullying has been taken up as a sensational social issue again (Sakai,2007).
A survey by questionnaire about bullying was conducted here in three elementary schools. The questionnaire consisted of 8 items in this report， and asked about the items in a rating scale fbr bullying experiences.The investigation object was a group of 303 people (153 boys，150 girls)ftom 4th graders to 6th graders in Aichi.
The results showed that bullying was experienced by 61.4％,with boys (73.2％)experiencing it more than girls(49.3％).ln each school year, the offending experience was about 60％in every grade.The difference was seenby consideration of “Bullying had been received" and the bullying victim of the bullying assailant's “Bully".
As for the modality of the bullying harm， it was such that “Abuse and unpleasantness were said" was followed by mental pain such as “ostracism" often, and, in addition, an immediate action such as “Beating" and “The hiding of property". lt was shown that a lot of reactions such as “Felt unpleasant"， or “Felt sorry" as examples of the bullying assailant's feelings， and feelings of conscience， regret for the other party, and
feelings that a crime had happened to harm the child.
As for feelings such as “Feelings cleared up" and “satisfaction" and “lt was thought it was satisfied"， aner bullying，it was seen in a high ratio， and bullying was being performed by many in the upper-grade as a cancellation of the frustration of stress. “lt was interesting" was expressed by a boy. However， feelings that amrm bullying are low, and it has been understood that children who think that bullying is good are few.
There were a lot of answers such as “l have experienced bullying， and the bullying was the retaliation".about the bullying act when justifying the action. Moreover,the bullying assailant feared it, saying that “There was likely to be retaliation at some time". Quite a lot of bullying assailants have shown that they werevictims of bullying before. It is understood that the bullying assailant worries though bullies and suffers， too.lt is important that parents and teachers sufficiently stem to the conflict in the bullying assailants, mind their worries and frustrations, drawing close to assailant's thinking, and understanding the pain, Such an effort wiII lead to bullying prevention.

Yuzo SATO, Katsuhiro SHIGA, Kimiko OGURJ, Yasunori MAKI， Tomoko MANZAI, Nigishi HOTTA,
Takahiko KAWAMURA, Jiro NAKAMURA，Isao OHSAWA, Hironobu KAKUTA，Shinji MARUYAMA.

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN)is known as the most fTequent complication of diabetes. However,the exact frequency of DPN in a large number of diabetic patlents is unclear, because of the lack of suitable diagnostic criteria, which are easily applied at bedside.
To investigate the epidemiological status of DPN and foot appearance abnormality in diabetics during clinical diagnosis of DPN, we performed a clinical survey on the subjective symptoms of DPN in patients with diabetes mellitus. The survey consisted of questionnaires and examinations of Achilles tendon renex (ATR)and perception of vibration and was carried out in collaboration with 117 clinics and hospitals in the Aichi Prefecture,Japan.
Data were obtained from 7,477 patients aged 61.5士12.1 years (mean土SD)，with an average duration of diabetes on 0.3士8.3 years and HbAlc levels of 7.2土1.5％.
Frequencies of loxver extremity muscle cramp and numbness were 35.0 and 18.5％，respectively, positive correlations between foot symptoms and duration of diabetes and HbAlc were detected. Frequencies of feet infections and dry, chapped skin were 32.0 and 29.1％, respectively. In addition, the frequencies of ATR absence and decreased threshold of vibration perception (1ess than 10 seconds) were 41.3 and 75.4％，
respectively，Furthermore，DPN frequency was 17.1％，as diagnosed by simplifled Diagnostic Criterion by the Japanese Study Group on Diabetic Neuropathy，
These results suggest the usefulness of the“foot check sheet" for early diagnosis of DPN and treatment of diabetes.

Isao OHSAWA.

OBJECTIVE
To review the influence of health education programs on the management of individuals with diabetes mellitus through critical appraisal of published clinical studies.

METHODS
Medline search was performed for meta-analyses (systematic review)assessing the effects of health education programs on health related measurements of diabetic patients published between January, 2000 and December, 2008.

RESULTS
Thirteen articles were considered eligible for this review. Twelve papers assessed the impact of self-management education on diabetic patients， They showed improvement of glycemic control or quality of life (QOL).But the effects on glycemic control were small to modest in 5 articles and long-term influence is not fully evaluated. One paper illustrated the significant reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle education programs for people at high risk.

CONCLUSIONS
Although health education programs have a positive influence on glycemie control and QOL among people with diabetes， further investigation would clarify whether health education is worthwhile and what education strategy is more efficient.

Aki Akamine and Mitsuro Kida.

Similarities between stimuli affect performance on Teaction time (RT)tasks.This study examined whether similarities betweenPictures modulate stimulus-elicitedevent-related brain Potentials (ERPs)during a StoP/NoStop task in which participants had to withhold motor responses. The StoP/NOStop task is a relatively novel method of assessing discriminative RTs，in which participants are asked to withhold a motor response to a Particular stimulus (Stoo trials)，but to respond to all other stimuli (NoStop trials).Stimulus similarity was manipulated by varying the perceptual similarity between the Stop stimuli and the NoStop stimuli. ERPs for Stop stimuli were recorded during both low- and high-similarity conditions. These new data were analyzed along with data previously collected during a medium-similarity experiment (Akamine & Kida, 2006). The Stop stimuli elicited a large centra1-Parietal dominant positivexvave(late P3)，with a peak latency of about 400－550 ms. Late P3 1ateney significantly increased as a function of stimulus similarity, but amplitude did not change. This component closely resembles the NOGO P3， which is related to response inhibition. Difficulties in discriminating between the stimuli would cause a delay in the inhibition of responses to the Stop stimuli. In addition，RTs for NoStoP stimuli increased as a function of stimulus similarity. These results suggest that the stimulus processing that is required if a motor response is to be withheld might have a reciprocal relationship with response execution in a discriminative RT task.

Shingo SABURI.

It has been shown that the symmetric part of the visibility for the combination of character and background colors is almost based on the configuration in the dimensionally shrunk or expanded YUV color space and that its skew-symmetric part is relatively small by a preceding study using a maximum likelihood (ML) asymmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS). But these findings were based on the data consisted of only eight basic colors. Therefore the examination of the data with larger number of colors is needed. As a preparatory report for the
large data collection，we collected the data composed of partial combinations of the six different colors from those in the preceding study, and analyzed them by an ML symmetric MDS，and examined the result in light of the preceding study.